🔴 TODAY’S HIGH-VALUE UPSC THEMES

1. 🌊 ENVIRONMENT + INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

UN HIGH-LEVEL MEETING ON SEA-LEVEL RISE

TODAY / UPCOMING — 24 SEPTEMBER

A High-Level Meeting on Sea-Level Rise is scheduled today during the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly.

The meeting is intended to address the increasingly serious consequences of sea-level rise for small island developing states, low-lying coastal regions, ecosystems and international law. The UN has identified the meeting as one of the key high-level events of the 2026 General Assembly week.

Why does it matter for UPSC?

Sea-level rise is no longer only a climate-science issue.

It intersects with:

Climate change + migration + food security + coastal infrastructure + sovereignty + international law + disaster management

Major causes

Sea-level rise occurs mainly because of:

1. Thermal expansion of seawater
2. Melting glaciers
3. Ice-sheet mass loss
4. Changes in terrestrial water storage

India’s vulnerability

Important vulnerable areas include:

• Mumbai
• Kolkata–Sundarbans
• Chennai
• Kochi
• Odisha coast
• Andhra Pradesh coast
• Low-lying islands

Important ecosystem linkage

Mangroves → coastal protection → carbon storage → fisheries → livelihood security

GS-III

• Climate change
• Adaptation
• Coastal ecosystems
• Disaster management
• Blue economy

GS-II

• Climate diplomacy
• Climate finance
• International environmental law
• Small Island Developing States

Mains Link

“Sea-level rise is simultaneously an environmental, developmental and geopolitical challenge.” Discuss.

2. ⚓ INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS + MARITIME SECURITY

WORLD MARITIME DAY 2026

TODAY — 24 SEPTEMBER

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) observes World Maritime Day today.

2026–27 Theme

“From Policy to Practice: Powering Maritime Excellence”

The theme focuses on translating international maritime rules and regulations into actual implementation, enforcement and operational safety.

Why important?

The maritime sector carries the overwhelming majority of international merchandise trade.

Therefore:

Safe shipping → secure supply chains → stable trade → energy security → food security

UPSC Static Linkage

Revise:

• UNCLOS
• IMO
• SOLAS
• MARPOL
• COLREGs
• Maritime zones
• Freedom of navigation
• SLOCs

Important distinction

UNCLOS provides the broader legal framework for oceans.

IMO develops and promotes international maritime safety, security and environmental standards.

India’s maritime interests

India’s maritime security is linked to:

Indian Ocean Region

↓

Arabian Sea + Bay of Bengal

↓

Strait of Hormuz + Bab-el-Mandeb + Malacca Strait

↓

Energy and trade SLOCs

GS-II / GS-III

• Indian Ocean diplomacy
• Maritime security
• Blue economy
• International law
• Energy security

3. 🌧️ GEOGRAPHY + DISASTER MANAGEMENT

BAY OF BENGAL DEEP DEPRESSION CROSSES ANDHRA–ODISHA COAST

A Deep Depression over the west-central and adjoining northwest Bay of Bengal crossed the coast near Kalingapatnam in Andhra Pradesh during the late hours of 23 September and early hours of 24 September.

The system has produced heavy rainfall across Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and adjoining central/eastern regions.

Important distinction

The system remained a:

Deep Depression

—not a cyclonic storm.

Tropical system hierarchy

Low-pressure area

↓

Depression

↓

Deep Depression

↓

Cyclonic Storm

↓

Severe Cyclonic Storm

↓

Very Severe Cyclonic Storm

↓

Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm

↓

Super Cyclonic Storm

Why important?

This is a classic UPSC example of:

Bay of Bengal → tropical disturbance → moisture transport → heavy rainfall → flooding → landslide risk

Current risk areas

Heavy to very heavy rainfall is affecting parts of:

• Odisha
• Andhra Pradesh
• Telangana
• Chhattisgarh
• Jharkhand
• Bihar
• East Madhya Pradesh

Map Work

Locate:

Kalingapatnam → Visakhapatnam → Gopalpur

Then trace:

Bay of Bengal → Odisha → Chhattisgarh → Telangana

GS-I

• Tropical cyclones
• Monsoon
• Bay of Bengal
• Drainage
• Orography

GS-III

• Flood management
• Early-warning systems
• Disaster-resilient infrastructure

Prelims Trap

A deep depression is not automatically a cyclone.

4. 🛡️ DEFENCE

YUDH ABHYAS 2026 — HIMARS + PINAKA

The 22nd edition of Exercise Yudh Abhyas 2026 between the Indian Army and the US Army is underway at the Mahajan Field Firing Range, Rajasthan, and is scheduled to continue until 28 September.

A major feature of the exercise is interoperability between:

🇮🇳 India

Pinaka Multi-Barrel Rocket Launcher

and

🇺🇸 USA

HIMARS — High Mobility Artillery Rocket System

The drills also involve:

• M777 howitzers
• Dhanush 155-mm guns
• L70 air-defence guns
• M-LIDS counter-UAS system

Why important?

Modern warfare is increasingly built around:

Sensors → target acquisition → precision fires → drones → counter-drone systems → networked command

Pinaka vs HIMARS

M-LIDS

Mobile-Low, Slow, Small Integrated Defeat System

It is designed for counter-UAS/counter-drone operations.

GS-III

• Modern warfare
• Defence technology
• Counter-drone systems
• Precision warfare
• India–US defence cooperation

Map

Mahajan Field Firing Range → Bikaner region → Rajasthan → Thar Desert

5. 🚀 DEFENCE TECHNOLOGY

₹811-CRORE SAT-SAAW CONTRACT FOR IAF

The Ministry of Defence has signed a ₹810.79 crore contract with Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL) for procurement of:

160 Satellite Smart Anti-Airfield Weapons (SAT-SAAW)

along with associated equipment for the Indian Air Force.

The contract falls under the:

Buy (Indian–Indigenously Designed, Developed and Manufactured) category

Why important?

This is important for:

Atmanirbhar Bharat + precision strike + indigenous weapons + defence manufacturing

SAT-SAAW

It is an indigenous precision-guided stand-off air-to-ground weapon designed for attacking airfield-related targets.

Key concept: Stand-off weapon

A stand-off weapon allows an aircraft to engage a target from a distance without necessarily entering the target’s strongest air-defence envelope.

GS-III

• Defence indigenisation
• Aerospace technology
• Precision-guided munitions
• Strategic autonomy
• Defence PSUs

Prelims

BDL is a defence public-sector enterprise under the Ministry of Defence and is associated with missile and weapon-system production.

6. 🏛️ POLITY

ELECTION COMMISSION: SIR, INTERNAL OBJECTIONS & INSTITUTIONAL INDEPENDENCE

The Election Commission of India has responded to reports that Election Commissioners Sukhbir Singh Sandhu and Vivek Joshi had raised objections on several operational matters connected with electoral-roll revision and other issues.

The ECI has stated that the matters were part of the draft-stage administrative process and that decisions of the full Commission, including those concerning the Special Intensive Revision (SIR), were ultimately taken unanimously.

Why UPSC relevant?

This raises a fundamental constitutional question:

How can the independence of an election-management body be protected institutionally?

Constitutional foundation

The Election Commission derives its authority primarily from:

Article 324

It has superintendence, direction and control over:

• Elections to Parliament
• Elections to State Legislatures
• President
• Vice-President

2023 law

The Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners Act, 2023 changed the statutory framework governing appointments.

The issue of institutional independence and the appointment mechanism is currently under judicial scrutiny.

UPSC Concepts

Independence

≠

absence of accountability

A strong constitutional institution needs:

independence + transparency + reasoned decision-making + institutional checks

GS-II

• Constitutional bodies
• Electoral reforms
• Free and fair elections
• Institutional independence
• Separation of powers

Mains

“The credibility of an electoral institution depends not only on formal independence but also on visible institutional autonomy.” Discuss.

7. 💰 ECONOMY

RBI LIQUIDITY MANAGEMENT — SYSTEM SURPLUS FALLS

Banking-system liquidity has declined significantly in September following RBI measures and seasonal tax outflows.

According to recent RBI-linked data:

• Liquidity surplus fell to around ₹4.92 lakh crore
• Average surplus in the first half of September was around ₹10.34 lakh crore
• It had reached about ₹11.16 lakh crore on 6 September

The RBI has also used:

• Open Market Operations
• VRRR operations
• Forex swaps

to manage liquidity.

Why important?

This is a very useful UPSC monetary-policy concept.

Liquidity chain

Excess liquidity

↓

RBI absorbs liquidity

↓

VRRR / OMO sale

↓

Money-market rates move toward policy rate

↓

Monetary transmission

Current WACR

The weighted average call rate was reported around 5.24%, close to the RBI repo rate of 5.25%.

Important distinction

GS-III

• Monetary policy
• Liquidity
• Money market
• Inflation
• RBI operating framework

8. 🏦 ECONOMY

RBI VIEW: INFLATION EXPECTED TO REMAIN WITHIN BAND

RBI Deputy Governor Poonam Gupta said inflation is expected to remain within the RBI’s target band despite multiple external shocks.

She also highlighted the impact of large non-resident deposit inflows under the special FCNR(B) scheme and the possibility of rupee appreciation.

UPSC concept

India’s inflation framework is based on:

Flexible Inflation Targeting

The RBI’s inflation target is:

4% CPI inflation

with a tolerance band of:

2% to 6%

Transmission mechanism

Oil shock

↓

Imported inflation

↓

CPI pressure

↓

RBI policy response

But India’s inflation outcome depends on:

• Food prices
• Core inflation
• Fuel prices
• Global commodities
• Exchange rate
• Demand conditions

GS-III

• Inflation
• Monetary policy
• Exchange rate
• Capital flows

9. 🌾 AGRICULTURE

NICRA–TDC: CLIMATE-RESILIENT AGRICULTURE

The National Innovations on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) Technology Demonstration Component is holding a stakeholder meeting at ICAR–CRIDA, Hyderabad, from 22–24 September 2026.

The focus is on operationalising the approved action plan and developing location-specific climate-resilient interventions.

What is NICRA?

National Innovations on Climate Resilient Agriculture

It is an ICAR initiative designed to improve the resilience of Indian agriculture to:

• Drought
• Flood
• Heat stress
• Unseasonal rainfall
• Climate variability

Why location-specific?

India has multiple agro-climatic zones.

A climate-resilient solution suitable for:

Rajasthan

may not be appropriate for:

Kerala

or

Assam

GS-III

• Climate-resilient agriculture
• Crop diversification
• Water management
• Agricultural extension
• Food security

Mains

“Climate-resilient agriculture must be agro-ecological rather than uniform across India.” Discuss.

10. 🌊 ENVIRONMENT

SEA-LEVEL RISE — INDIA’S COASTAL VULNERABILITY

The UN’s high-level meeting today provides an opportunity to revise India’s coastal vulnerability.

Vulnerable zones

West Bengal
→ Sundarbans

Odisha
→ Low-lying coastal districts

Gujarat
→ Long coastline + industrial/coastal infrastructure

Kerala
→ Coastal settlements

Tamil Nadu
→ Chennai/coastal urbanisation

Adaptation tools

• Mangrove restoration
• Coastal-zone planning
• Early-warning systems
• Climate-resilient infrastructure
• Managed retreat where necessary
• Wetland protection
• Salt-tolerant crops

Important concept

Mitigation ≠ Adaptation

Mitigation: reduce the cause of climate change.

Adaptation: reduce vulnerability to its effects.

11. 🌐 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

UNGA 81 — GLOBAL SOUTH & MULTILATERALISM

The 81st UN General Assembly High-Level Week continues today, with the General Debate running from 22–28 September.

India’s External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar is leading India’s delegation; he is scheduled to address the General Debate on 26 September.

India’s major diplomatic themes

Expect emphasis on:

• Global South
• UN reform
• Development finance
• Terrorism
• Climate action
• Strategic autonomy
• Rules-based international order

UPSC framework

India’s foreign policy

=

Strategic autonomy

Multi-alignment

Global South leadership

Issue-based partnerships

GS-II

This is one of the most important recurring themes for:

India and the changing global order

12. ⚓ INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS + STRATEGIC GEOGRAPHY

STRAIT OF HORMUZ & GLOBAL SHIPPING

The IMO has highlighted the importance of protecting vital shipping lanes and has previously stressed the right of transit passage through international straits, including the Strait of Hormuz.

The IMO Council has emphasised that navigation through such strategic waterways must be protected under international law and relevant maritime conventions.

Why important?

The Strait of Hormuz connects:

Persian Gulf

with

Gulf of Oman

and ultimately the:

Arabian Sea

It is therefore critical to global energy flows.

UPSC Map

Mark:

Iran

Oman

UAE

Persian Gulf

Strait of Hormuz

Gulf of Oman

Arabian Sea

Mains

“Chokepoints are becoming as important as energy-producing regions in determining global energy security.” Discuss.

13. 🧪 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

SPACE SITUATIONAL AWARENESS — STATIC + CURRENT LINK

India’s growing space activity makes Space Situational Awareness (SSA) increasingly important.

ISRO’s Indian Space Situational Awareness Report (ISSAR) 2025 documents the increasing need to monitor:

• Space objects
• Orbital debris
• Collision risks
• Re-entry events
• Satellite operations

Why important?

As satellite numbers rise:

More satellites

More debris

↓

Greater collision probability

↓

Need for:

SSA + collision avoidance + tracking

GS-III

• Space technology
• Space debris
• National security
• Satellite communications
• Strategic autonomy

Prelims Concept

Space debris includes defunct satellites, spent rocket stages and fragments from previous missions.

14. 🏭 ECONOMY + ENERGY

DEEPWATER GAS DISCOVERY OFF ODISHA

ONGC has reported a gas discovery in the Mahanadi Offshore Basin, approximately 43 km off the Odisha coast, from the MN-DW18-1-H well under its Samudra Manthan deepwater exploration campaign.

The discovery was made on 18 September, with commercial viability still requiring further appraisal.

Why important?

India’s domestic gas exploration can contribute to:

• Energy security
• Lower import dependence
• Fertiliser feedstock
• Power generation
• City-gas distribution
• Industrial fuel

Important caution

A gas discovery ≠ commercially recoverable reserves.

Further:

Appraisal → resource assessment → commercial viability → development

Map

Mahanadi Offshore Basin → Odisha coast → Bay of Bengal

15. 👩 SOCIETY + GENDER

WOMEN IN DEFENCE — INSTITUTIONAL PARTICIPATION

Recent developments involving women in the armed forces continue to underline the gradual expansion of women’s roles beyond traditional support functions.

For UPSC, connect this with:

• Women in combat/support roles
• Permanent commission
• Command opportunities
• Gender equality
• Military leadership

Constitutional linkage

Article 14

→ Equality before law

Article 15

→ Non-discrimination

Article 16

→ Equality of opportunity in public employment

Mains

“Women’s participation in the armed forces is both a gender-equality issue and a military-capability issue.” Discuss.

🏛️ POLITY — STATIC REVISION

Election Commission of India

Constitutional basis

Article 324

Composition

• Chief Election Commissioner
• Other Election Commissioners

Core functions

• Electoral rolls
• Election conduct
• Political-party recognition
• Election symbols
• Model Code-related functions
• Advising on disqualification matters under specified constitutional provisions

Prelims Trap

The Election Commission is not a statutory body.

It is a:

Constitutional body

📜 HISTORY — TODAY’S STATIC REVISION

Today’s maritime and defence developments provide an excellent opportunity to revise:

Indian Ocean Maritime History

Ancient

Chola naval expansion

Medieval

Arab–Indian Ocean trade

Colonial

European maritime dominance

Modern

SLOCs + Indian Ocean security + Blue Economy

Mains enrichment

India’s maritime history strengthens the argument that:

India’s engagement with the Indian Ocean is not merely strategic; it has deep historical and civilisational roots.

🗺️ IMPORTANT MAPS TODAY

MAP 1 — BAY OF BENGAL DEEP DEPRESSION

Bay of Bengal

↓

Kalingapatnam

↓

Visakhapatnam

↓

Gopalpur

↓

Odisha interior

↓

Chhattisgarh/Jharkhand

Revise:

Mahanadi | Godavari | Krishna

MAP 2 — STRAIT OF HORMUZ

Persian Gulf

→ Strait of Hormuz

→ Gulf of Oman

→ Arabian Sea

→ Indian Ocean

This is one of the highest-value maps for energy security + maritime security.

MAP 3 — INDIA–USA DEFENCE EXERCISE

Mahajan Field Firing Range

→ Rajasthan

→ Thar Desert

Then locate:

Bikaner | Jaisalmer | Jodhpur

MAP 4 — INDIA’S EASTERN OFFSHORE ENERGY

Mahanadi Offshore Basin

→ Odisha coast

→ Bay of Bengal

Connect with:

ONGC + deepwater exploration + energy security

🧠 15 LIKELY UPSC PRELIMS MCQs

Q1. Consider the following regarding sea-level rise:

1. Thermal expansion of seawater contributes to sea-level rise.
2. Melting glaciers contribute to sea-level rise.
3. Sea-level rise is caused only by melting polar ice sheets.

Answer: 1 and 2 only

Q2. World Maritime Day 2026 is associated with which theme?

A. Oceans for Climate Justice
B. From Policy to Practice: Powering Maritime Excellence
C. Sustainable Seas for Future Generations
D. Blue Economy for All

Answer: B

Q3. Which sequence correctly represents increasing intensity?

A. Depression → Low-pressure area → Deep Depression → Cyclone
B. Low-pressure area → Depression → Deep Depression → Cyclonic Storm
C. Depression → Cyclonic Storm → Deep Depression
D. Low-pressure area → Cyclone → Depression

Answer: B

Q4. Kalingapatnam is located in:

A. Gujarat
B. Odisha
C. Andhra Pradesh
D. West Bengal

Answer: C

Q5. Consider the following pairs:

Answer: All correctly matched

Q6. SAT-SAAW is associated with:

A. Naval sonar
B. Anti-airfield precision weapon
C. Ballistic missile defence
D. Submarine propulsion

Answer: B

Q7. The ₹810.79-crore SAT-SAAW contract was signed under which category?

A. Buy (Global)
B. Buy and Make
C. Buy (Indian–IDDM)
D. Lease

Answer: C

Q8. Article 324 relates to:

A. Finance Commission
B. Election Commission
C. UPSC
D. CAG

Answer: B

Q9. Consider:

1. The Election Commission is a constitutional body.
2. Article 324 provides its constitutional basis.
3. It conducts elections to local bodies under Article 324.

Answer: 1 and 2 only

Q10. Pinaka is:

A. Indian multi-barrel rocket launcher
B. Fighter aircraft
C. Air-defence missile
D. Anti-tank missile

Answer: A

Q11. HIMARS is associated with:

A. USA
B. Russia
C. France
D. Japan

Answer: A

Q12. NICRA is primarily concerned with:

A. Climate-resilient agriculture
B. Nuclear safety
C. Coastal shipping
D. Urban housing

Answer: A

Q13. Which waterway connects the Persian Gulf with the Gulf of Oman?

A. Bab-el-Mandeb
B. Strait of Hormuz
C. Strait of Malacca
D. Bosporus

Answer: B

Q14. A gas discovery in an offshore basin necessarily means:

A. Commercial production has begun
B. Recoverable reserves have been fully established
C. Further appraisal is required before commercial development
D. Imports can immediately stop

Answer: C

Q15. Space Situational Awareness is primarily concerned with:

A. Weather forecasting only
B. Tracking and assessing space objects and collision risks
C. Human spaceflight training only
D. Deep-sea exploration

Answer: B

✍️ MAINS ANSWER LINKAGES

GS-II — CLIMATE DIPLOMACY

Question

“Sea-level rise is emerging as a test of the credibility of international climate governance.” Discuss.

Framework

Introduction
→ Climate change is producing impacts beyond temperature rise.

Challenges

• Coastal displacement
• SIDS vulnerability
• Loss of territory
• Infrastructure damage
• Salinisation
• Climate finance

India

• Long coastline
• Sundarbans
• Coastal cities
• Island territories
• Fisheries

Solutions

• Adaptation finance
• Mangrove restoration
• Coastal planning
• Early warning
• Loss-and-damage mechanisms

GS-III — DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Question

“The distinction between cyclones, depressions and deep depressions is essential for effective disaster preparedness.” Explain.

Use:

Wind speed classification + warning systems + evacuation + rainfall impact

GS-III — DEFENCE

Question

“The future battlefield will increasingly depend on integration of precision fires, drones and counter-drone systems.” Examine.

Use:

Pinaka + HIMARS + M777 + Dhanush + M-LIDS

GS-II — POLITY

Question

“Constitutional independence of electoral institutions is necessary for democratic legitimacy.” Discuss.

Use:

Article 324 + appointment mechanism + transparency + institutional autonomy + accountability

GS-III — AGRICULTURE

Question

“Climate-resilient agriculture requires location-specific technological and institutional solutions.” Discuss.

Use:

NICRA → agro-climatic zones → drought/flood/heat → resilient varieties → water management → crop diversification

📄 ONE-PAGE REVISION SHEET

🇮🇳 24 SEPTEMBER 2026 — MUST REMEMBER

🌊 SEA-LEVEL RISE

UN High-Level Meeting — TODAY

→ UNGA 81

→ Climate adaptation

→ Coastal vulnerability

→ SIDS

⚓ WORLD MARITIME DAY

24 September

→ IMO

→ Theme:

“From Policy to Practice: Powering Maritime Excellence”

🌧️ BAY OF BENGAL

Deep Depression

→ Crossed near Kalingapatnam

→ Andhra Pradesh–Odisha coast

→ Heavy rainfall

→ Flood/landslide risk

🛡️ YUDH ABHYAS

India–USA

→ Mahajan Range

→ Pinaka + HIMARS

→ M777 + Dhanush

→ M-LIDS

🚀 SAT-SAAW

₹810.79 crore

→ 160 systems

→ BDL

→ IAF

→ Buy (Indian–IDDM)

🏛️ ECI

Article 324

→ Constitutional body

→ SIR controversy

→ Institutional independence

💰 RBI

Liquidity surplus falling

→ ₹4.92 lakh crore

→ VRRR + OMO + forex operations

→ WACR around 5.24%

🌾 NICRA

Climate-resilient agriculture

→ ICAR-CRIDA

→ Location-specific interventions

🛢️ ENERGY

Mahanadi Offshore Basin

→ ONGC

→ Deepwater gas discovery

→ Commercial appraisal still required

🌐 UNGA 81

General Debate: 22–28 September

→ Global South

→ UN reform

→ Climate

→ Development finance

→ Strategic autonomy

🎯 TODAY’S UPSC PRIORITY ORDER

🔴 MUST STUDY

1. Sea-level rise + UN high-level meeting
2. World Maritime Day + IMO + maritime law
3. Bay of Bengal deep depression
4. Yudh Abhyas + HIMARS + Pinaka + counter-drone warfare
5. SAT-SAAW + Buy Indian-IDDM
6. Election Commission + Article 324
7. RBI liquidity management

🟠 IMPORTANT

8. NICRA climate-resilient agriculture
9. Mahanadi offshore gas discovery
10. Strait of Hormuz
11. UNGA 81 and Global South

🟢 QUICK STATIC REVISION

12. Tropical weather-system classification
13. UNCLOS maritime zones
14. IMO vs UNCLOS
15. Constitutional vs statutory bodies

🔗 FINAL UPSC INTEGRATION

Today’s current affairs are best remembered through six master themes:

1. 🌊 CLIMATE → SECURITY

Sea-level rise → coastal vulnerability → migration → infrastructure → international law

2. ⚓ MARITIME → ECONOMIC SECURITY

World Maritime Day → shipping → SLOCs → Hormuz → energy security

3. 🌧️ GEOGRAPHY → DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Bay of Bengal → deep depression → landfall → extreme rainfall → floods

4. 🛡️ TECHNOLOGY → MODERN WARFARE

Pinaka + HIMARS + drones + counter-drone → integrated precision warfare

5. 🏛️ INSTITUTIONS → DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY

Article 324 → ECI independence → electoral-roll integrity → free & fair elections

6. 🌾 CLIMATE → AGRICULTURAL RESILIENCE

NICRA → location-specific adaptation → productivity → food security

⭐ 10 FACTS TO MEMORISE TONIGHT

1. World Maritime Day — 24 September 2026
2. Theme — From Policy to Practice: Powering Maritime Excellence
3. UN sea-level-rise meeting — 24 September
4. Bay of Bengal system — Deep Depression
5. Landfall near Kalingapatnam
6. Yudh Abhyas — India–USA Army
7. SAT-SAAW contract — ₹810.79 crore
8. Article 324 — Election Commission
9. NICRA — climate-resilient agriculture
10. Strait of Hormuz — Persian Gulf ↔ Gulf of Oman

Key authoritative sources

• United Nations — 81st General Assembly / High-Level Week
• UN — Sea-Level Rise focus
• International Maritime Organization — World Maritime Day 2026
• PIB — SAT-SAAW / BDL contract
• PIB — Defence Ministry releases
• Supreme Court of India — official cause-list portal
• ICAR — NICRA Technology Demonstration Component
• ISRO — Indian Space Situational Awareness Report 2025
• IMO — Maritime security and vital shipping lanes